Sum Of Effective Temperatures Research Articles

Determination of Phenotypic Diversity and Effective Temperature Sum Times in Some Olive (Olea europaea L.) Varieties by Using Phenological Stages with Multivariate Analysis

Determination of Phenotypic Diversity and Effective Temperature Sum Times in Some Olive (Olea europaea L.) Varieties by Using Phenological Stages with Multivariate Analysis

The dominant pests (Coleoptera) of cereal crops, and population forecast for this

Goal. Create a forecast of the development of harmful organisms in cereal crops, to determine the economic feasibility of applying plant protection measures.
 Methods. Analysis of the phytosanitary state of cereal crops in Ukraine, where the main attention is paid to the dominant pest species. Analysis of the areas of distribution of these pests, population dynamics, their phenology and the state of populations in the context of natural and climatic zones (Steppe, Forest-steppe and Polissya). To assess the phytosanitary state of crops, and its dynamic changes, the following are used: — the results of phytosanitary monitoring of crops (according to generally accepted methods), which were carried out directly by the staff of the forecast laboratory of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS; — current reports of researchers from other laboratories of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS from the places of business trips; — materials of decadal reports of regional plant protection stations, as well as signaling and forecasting points; — information on the phytosanitary situation from regional state research stations and institutes of NAAS.
 Results. A study of the phytosanitary state of cereal crops on the territory of Ukraine was carried out, the dominant species of pests were identified, materials were prepared regarding the peculiarities of the phytosanitary state in the conditions of the year, and a long-term (annual) forecast of the development of pests for the next year was drawn up, based on the appropriate analysis of the data obtained.
 Conclusions. In recent years, climate change in Ukraine has manifested itself through an increase in the average annual temperature, and an increase in the sum of effective temperatures. A decrease in the zone of sufficient soil moisture was noted, its line shifted to the north. Under the influence of abiotic factors, pests constantly change the boundaries of their habitat and zones of damage, therefore reliable protection of crops is impossible without constant monitoring, constant clarification of the species composition of phytophages, and phytosanitary forecast. Improved methodological approaches for assessing the phytosanitary state of acrocyanoses and the promptness of obtaining relevant data will allow agricultural producers to make timely decisions on the economic feasibility of using certain plant protection products.

Population dynamics of corn insect pests in Ukraine under climate change

Aim. To determine the specificities of perennial dynamics in the number of the main corn insect pests in different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine under climate change. Methods. The field, laboratory, mathematical methods were used. The materials of the phytosanitary entomological monitoring of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Con- sumer Protection (2005–2021) in the basic 161 enterprises in Ukraine’s regions using methodologically standardized annual registrations of the main harmful organisms of agrocenoses (Borzykh еt al, 2018). Six groups of the main corn insect pests were investigated: corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), wireworms (Elateridae) and false wireworms (Te- nebrionidae), cutworms (Noctuida), southern dusty surface beetle (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyllenhal), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner), and cereal aphids (Schizaphis graminum) Rondani. The database of the Hydrometeoro- logical Center of Ukraine was used to analyze climate parameters (2005–2021). The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using MS Excel and the linear correlation-regression analysis according to Pearson, Student’s criterion was used to evaluate the reliability (probability) of the correlation coefficients. Results. The results of correlational analysis of the state of populations of the main corn insect pests demonstrated that climate change has not considerably affected the number of corn borers as well as wireworms and false wireworms in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet. A reliable moderate reverse correlation (r = –0.309) was found between the number of cutworms and the sum of effective temperatures (SET) only for the Forest-Steppe conditions – under the increase in the SET, the number of these insects was smaller. The number of the southern dusty surface beetle was in direct, reliable, moderate correlation (r = 0.335) with the SET in the Steppe, for instance, the pest responded to the increase in the SET with the rise in its number. The number of cotton bollworms in Polissia was in reliable moderate correlation (r = –0.489) with the SET. The number of cereal aphids was in a reliable moderate direct correlation (r = 0.529) with the SET in Polissia: at the increase in the SET, the number of these pests was increasing. Conclusions. Conclusions: Climate changes do not considerably affect the state of the populations of the main corn insect pests in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet: we found the correlations between the number of insect pests and the SET which did not exceed such values as weak, moderate, and conspicuous. Significant changes in the state of insect pest populations should be expected if the sum of effective temperatures during the vegetation period will considerably affect the performance and feeding qualities of the cultivated plants.

Monitoring of the content and migration of heavy metals in the soils–melliferous plants–bees–beekeeping products system in biocenoses of the combat areas

Aim. To determine the specificities of perennial dynamics in the number of the main corn insect pests in different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine under climate change. Methods. The field, laboratory, mathematical methods were used. The materials of the phytosanitary entomological monitoring of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Con- sumer Protection (2005–2021) in the basic 161 enterprises in Ukraine’s regions using methodologically standardized annual registrations of the main harmful organisms of agrocenoses (Borzykh еt al, 2018). Six groups of the main corn insect pests were investigated: corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), wireworms (Elateridae) and false wireworms (Te- nebrionidae), cutworms (Noctuida), southern dusty surface beetle (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyllenhal), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner), and cereal aphids (Schizaphis graminum) Rondani. The database of the Hydrometeoro- logical Center of Ukraine was used to analyze climate parameters (2005–2021). The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using MS Excel and the linear correlation-regression analysis according to Pearson, Student’s criterion was used to evaluate the reliability (probability) of the correlation coefficients. Results. The results of correlational analysis of the state of populations of the main corn insect pests demonstrated that climate change has not considerably affected the number of corn borers as well as wireworms and false wireworms in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet. A reliable moderate reverse correlation (r = –0.309) was found between the number of cutworms and the sum of effective temperatures (SET) only for the Forest-Steppe conditions – under the increase in the SET, the number of these insects was smaller. The number of the southern dusty surface beetle was in direct, reliable, moderate correlation (r = 0.335) with the SET in the Steppe, for instance, the pest responded to the increase in the SET with the rise in its number. The number of cotton bollworms in Polissia was in reliable moderate correlation (r = –0.489) with the SET. The number of cereal aphids was in a reliable moderate direct correlation (r = 0.529) with the SET in Polissia: at the increase in the SET, the number of these pests was increasing. Conclusions. Conclusions: Climate changes do not considerably affect the state of the populations of the main corn insect pests in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet: we found the correlations between the number of insect pests and the SET which did not exceed such values as weak, moderate, and conspicuous. Significant changes in the state of insect pest populations should be expected if the sum of effective temperatures during the vegetation period will considerably affect the performance and feeding qualities of the cultivated plants.

Temperature Dependence of the Breeding Parametres of the Collared Flycatcher (Passeriformes, Muscicapidae) in the National Park Homilshanski Lisy (NE Ukraine)

The breeding phenology of Collared Flycatchers was studied over an 11-year period (2006‒2011 and 2013‒2017) in oak-maple-lime stands located in the Northern-East of Ukraine (in the National Park Homilshanski Lisy). In most years, egg laying began in the first and second ten-day periods of May. The earliest recorded first-egg date (368 broods) was 23 April, while the latest was 5 May. These dates varied from year to year. The relationship between the first-egg date and the date of daily average temperature transition through + 10 °C suggests that birds bred earlier due to warmer local temperatures. The clutch size was negatively correlated with the date of the average air temperature transition through + 5 °C. The earliest hatching date was 15 May, and the latest was 25 May. Fledging typically began in the first half of June. The breeding season’s length ranged from 30 to 42 days, and the breeding cycle was positively correlated with the transition of the average daily temperature through +5 °C. To determine which factors explained the first egg date and clutch size, Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were conducted. GLMs suggest a correlation between the first-egg date and the sum of effective temperatures (∑T150), arrival date temperature, migration route temperature, and average temperature of the third decade of April. Clutch size is determined by the sum of effective temperature accumulation (∑130) and migration route temperature. Reproductive success is negatively correlated with the average of 30 daily temperatures until the median date.

OAT ADAPTABILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

Global climate changes cause the acceleration of environmental factors changes - temperature, unevenness of precipitation, drought, which has a significant effect on the yield. Food systems need expanded species biodiversity that are multifunctional in use and sufficiently tolerant to growing conditions. One of these cultures is oats which extremely valuable in human nutrition and provision fodder base. The purpose of the research is to establish the adaptability of oat varieties sowing under variable conditions of nutrition, thermal regime and moisture supply during the years of research. Field research with oat varieties was conducted during 2021-2023 in the stationary experiment of the Plant Breeding Department of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine in a separate subdivision "Agronomic Research Station" (Pshenychne village, Fastivskyi district, Kyiv region ) on typical low humus chernozems. Varieties of oats vary in terms of adaptability due to genetic and environmental characteristics and technological factors of cultivation. The analysis of environmental factors was carried out - thermal units accumulation, sums of active and effective temperatures, GTK for biologically active minima at the level +5C and +10C. It is proved that the ecological factors characteristic for growing oats are used for calculation indicators for the biological minimum of +5С. Sums of thermal accumulation units for the period March - July on average for the years 2021 - 2023 was 2229.7; active temperatures for a biologically active minimum of +5С –2004.2; active temperatures for biologically active minimum +10С–1768.5; effective temperatures for a biologically active minimum of +5С–1361.5; effective temperatures for the biologically active minimum +10C–797.1C. The adaptability of varieties was identified through their plasticity and stability. The plasticity of the varieties increased with an increase of macronutrients in combination with sulfur. Highly plastic and stable varieties are Ivory, Zubr, Legin Nosivskyi - the coefficient of plasticity is equal or exceeds 1 for all fertilizing systems. The Ivory variety is high plastic and stable and responds positively to improvement of nutrition conditions: coefficient of plasticity - 1.00 - 1.32, coefficient of stability - 0.00 - 0.037. The Neptune variety is low-plastic and unstable for almost every rates of fertilizers, except for combinations with sulfur. For the Svitanok variety was established a positive reaction to increasing the rates of macroelements in combination with sulfur - the plasticity coefficient increased from 0.65, the stability coefficient from 0.015 in the control variant to 1.70 and 0.018, respectively, for the introduction N120P120K120S45+N30. There was a similar reaction for the Zakat variety - coefficient increased from 0.86 in the control version to 1.44 with applying N120P120K120S45+ N30.

LONG-TERM (2005-2020) WINTER WHEAT PEST POPULATION DYNAMICS IN UKRAINE IN RESPONSE TO EFFECTS OF ACREAGE TREATED WITH INSECTICIDES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

We studied the long-term population dynamic`s (2005-2020) of six main insect pests of winter wheat (late wheat shoot fly, hessian fly, frit flies, cereal beetles, corn ground beetle and sun pest) in three climatic zones of Ukraine under conditions of increasing areas of application pesticides and global warming. The aim of the research was to investigate how these factors influence pest population dynamics. Comparison of sums of effective temperatures (SET) with standard values for different zones indicates significant climate warming over the past 15 years. Correlation analysis with two variables showed a general decrease in the numbers of most populations, especially in the steppe and forest-steppe zones.

Correlation of structural indicators of winter wheat with grain productivity influenced by contrasting meteorological conditions in the central region

Field research was carried out in the nursery of competitive variety testing in 2018-2022 on the selection fields of ISA-a branch of the FSBI FNAC VIM of the Ryazan region. The objects of the study were the hydrothermal conditions of the region and the structural elements of the productivity of the best varieties of their own selection: Viola, Felicia, Galatea, Anfisa, Boyarka, Ivita, Vimitsa (GSI), Adarka (GSI) and 3 promising lines with consistently high yields over the years of research. The revealed interrelations between yield and the elements of productivity that determine it in the continuously changing external conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation allowed us to establish that such indicators as "number of plants before harvesting" - r=+0.887, "mass of 1000 grains" - r=+0.806, "number of productive stems" - r=+0.613 and "plant height" - r=+0.494 have the main influence on the formation of productivity of winter wheat varieties/lines selected for analysis. The main factor limiting the productivity of grain crops in the area of our research is the lack of atmospheric moisture. The amount of precipitation and the SCC of the growing season significantly affect the "height of plants" (r=+0.761...+0.863), "number of productive stems" (r=+0.556...+0.687), "ear length" (r=+0.598...+0.684), "coefficient of productive bushiness" (r=+0.592...+0.723), "the number of grains in the ear" (r=+0.304...+0.484), "the mass of grain from the ear" (r=+0.301...+0.506). The sum of effective temperatures had a negative relationship (r≥-0,500) with almost all elements of productivity.

The influence of climatic factors on the vegetative development of introduced Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel at the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute

The article describes the vegetative development of introduced Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel that grow in the experimental area of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden and Institute (the surroundings of the town Apatity). It gives the generalized over several years dates of the beginning of the main vegetative phenophases, the duration of the lateral shoot linear growth and needles, the sum of active and effective temperatures above 5 and 10 °C. To identify interrelations between phenodates and climatic factors, a correlation analysis was carried out (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used). The sum of effective temperatures above 10 °C and the sum of precipitation varies greatly from year to year. Medium, strong and very strong correlations were found between: the dates of the beginning of various phenophases and the dates of a stable transition through 0, 5, 10 °C; sums of active and effective temperatures; average temperature and air humidity for 5, 10 and 30 days before the beginning of the phenophase; the date of isolation of а wintering apical bud in the last growing season and the environmental conditions preceding its isolation. The length of shoots and needles was measured for 2016-2021. Significant correlations between the length of shoots and needles and phenodates and selected climatic factors were not found.

Features of the vital activity of cereal aphids in the North-West of Russia

The publication presents data on long-term monitoring of the dynamics of the number of cereal aphids on spring grain crops in the Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg and the Tosnensky district of the Leningrad region. The appearance of winged parthenogenetic females in the fields in the biotope of grain crops was noted in the first decade of June, the maximum number of aphids - in the second decade. Over the years of observations, outbreaks of mass reproduction were in 1999, 2002, and 2021. The analysis is carried out of the dependence of the number of aphids Rh. padi on the weather conditions of the region. The correlation between the number of aphids on wheat plants and the average monthly April air temperatures was low (r= 0.31), it was higher between the number of insects and the June average monthly air temperatures (r=0.57). At the same time, the average monthly air temperature in April and June 1999 and 2002 were higher than the average long-term indicators. This indicator turned out to be the most effective between the sum of effective temperatures for the spring-summer period (April May, June) and the number of aphids (r= 0.77). The correlation coefficient between the amount of precipitation during this period and, accordingly, the number of aphids turned out to be negative (– 0.6). It is assumed that the degree of pest population of plants in the summer period depends on the number of eggs laid by oviparous females in the previous autumn. In our studies, the correlation coefficient between these indicators was 0.52. One of the most important entomophages of cereal aphids is the beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. Over the years of observations, the number of predators varied from 0.2 to 5 individuals per 1 model site. During the years of mass reproduction of aphids in 2002 and 2021, the number of coccinellids per model site was low and equal to 0.2-0.5. The large grass aphid Sitobion avenae F. appears in the fields of the region in early July. The largest number of species was recorded in 2016, 2020,2022. In the experiments of 2022, the insect preferred spring wheat and oats, compared with barley.

Ecological and biological features and prospects of the introduction of Cornus mas in Central Russia

Background. Cornus mas L. is grown in Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Natural thickets are widespread in the Caucasus. The aim of this work was to analyze ecological and biological features of C. mas and the results of its introduction in order to justify the potential of its valuable agronomic traits for breeding and landscaping in Orel Province.Methods and materials. Specimens of C. mas preserved in the arboretum of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding since 1968 were analyzed. The studies were conducted from 2012 through 2021. Winter hardiness, plant condition, degrees of flowering and fruiting were assessed using conventional techniques, while the degree of ornamentality was determined according to O. Yu. Emelyanova’s method.Results and conclusion. Under the conditions of the arboretum, C. mas is a multi-stemmed shrub, up to 5.3 m high, with an average crown projection diameter of up to 4.7 m, showing good vitality, active growth, and a high degree of resistance to damaging climatic factors of the winter season. No damage by diseases or pests was observed during the studies. The sum of effective temperatures for the beginning of C. mas flowering was 46.6 ± 2.0°C. Flowering started on April 15 (± 7 days). On average, flowering lasted 17 ± 5 days in the arboretum. Annually, the degree of flowering was high (4.8–5.0 points), and the vigor of fruiting was good (3.8–4.1 points). Peaks of C. mas ornamentality were observed in April, during the early abundant flowering of plants, and in August, during the ripening of fruits. The ornamental period of C. mas was on average 208 (± 12) days. The analysis of ecological and biological features of C. mas under the conditions of Orel Province showed the prospects of this species’ introduction. Formation and study of C. mas collection from neighboring regions will serve as a basis for successful breeding to obtain new cultivars with valuable traits for the conditions of Central Russia. 

Experience in optimizing the pollination of fruit crops

Studying the dependence of the yield and quality of fruit crops on pollination by bees is necessary, among other things, from the point of view of the protection of bees and biodiversity. Perennial fruit plantations in the Rostov region occupy 30 thousand hectares. Fruit trees such as apricot, quince, plum, cherry, sweet cherry, pear, and apple are essential honey plants for bees. The study aimed to develop methods and techniques for optimising the pollination of fruit crops based on established flowering periods and varietal characteristics of plants and determining the bioresource potential of gardens in the region. Using the method of accumulating sums of effective temperatures, it was established that the flowering of gardens begins with the mass flowering of apricot in the second ten days of April and ends with the flowering of quince at the end of May. The average duration of flowering of plants was 7–14 days. Observations of yield dynamics showed an increase in the number of fruits when optimising pollination by 20–27 times in cherries and sweet cherries. Taking into account the changes in the natural and climatic conditions of the Rostov region when moving through the territory, the physiological characteristics of fruit trees, as well as the mutual pollination of different varieties, the timing of migrations of bee colonies for cross-pollination and planting patterns when planting an orchard are proposed. Monitoring of the bioresource potential of gardens showed that the total area of parks in the region is 27 thousand hectares, with a bioresource potential for honey collection of 434.1 tons. The most significant bioresource potential for honey collection is characterised by the area of gardens in the territory of the 4th honey collection district (154.1 tons). In the 1st region, this figure is 95.5 tons, slightly less in the 3rd region - 73.4 tons. Using all listed methods for regulating work with an apiary and agricultural technology for growing gardens will create conditions for increasing their productivity by 10.8 times, or by 73.3%.

Phenological phases of <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> L. H. Bailey under conditions of humid subtropics in Russia

Weigela varieties of hybrid origin, known as Weigela hortensis (W. hortensis C.A. Mey) or <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> (W.wagneri L. H. Bailey) are cultivated on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar Krai. A current range of this beautifully flowering shrub includes more than 150 varieties. However, only 24 grow in the region and are predominately selected in the early XX century and are rarely used in the landscaping of the resort town. Ornamental varieties of Weigela grow mostly in limited use areas (Sochi Arboretum, Subtropical Botanical Garden in Kuban region, Friendship Tree Garden Museum). The study aims at investigating the phenological phases of <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> L. H. Bailey under humid subtropical conditions of the Black Sea coast, Krasnodar Krai, to be used for the design of gardens with continuous flowering plants, as well as for breeding. The study was conducted in the period from 2013 to 2019 in the Friendship Tree Garden Museum and Subtropical Botanical Garden in Kuban region. The study involved 15 varieties of W.×wagneri. The authors established differences in phenological phases, including the start/end of growing season and flowering, duration of these periods, as well as the sums of effective temperatures required for these phases. The start of the growing season was established to vary from February 12 (Arlequin) with an accumulated sum of effective temperature of 261.2℃ to March 14 (Brictol Ruby) and a sum of temperature of 376.9℃. Differences between varieties in this phenophase account for 30 days. On the basis of the long-term average annual data, the varieties were divided into groups according to the floral initiation: early flowering (from April 14 to April 21) group included Arlequin, Gustave Malet, Mon Blanc, Newport Red, Venusta, Madame Lemoine; medium-flowering (April 22 to April 30) group included Lacepede, Ballet, Pavillon Blanc, Brictol Ruby, Madame Lemoine; Eva Ratke, Kosteriana variegata, Red Prince, Augusta were included into a late-flowering (from May 01 to May 06) group. According to the dates of the start and end of growing season, the varieties were divided into the following phenological groups: EE – Early starting (before Feb 12) and Early ending vegetation (before Dec 05); EL – Early starting (before Feb 12) and Late ending (after Dec 19); LE – Late starting (after March 4) and Early ending (before Dec 5); LL – Late starting (after March 4) and Late ending vegetation (after Dec 19).

ФЕНОЛОГИЯ СОРТОВ МАЛИНЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ БАШКОРТОСТАНА

The purpose of the study is to study the timing of the onset of phenological phases and assess the adaptive abilities of introduced raspberry varieties to changes in meteorological factors in the Cis-Ural forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. The results of studying the phenological phases of 11 raspberry varieties of different ripening periods are presented. The research was carried out at the Kushnarenkovskiy Breeding Center of the BNIISH UFITs RAS in 2016-2021. Observations were carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology for the study of variety of fruit, berry and nut crops". It has been established that the timing and duration of the passage of the phenological phases of raspberries are significantly affected by weather conditions. It is noted that all studied varieties show low resistance to return frosts. The beginning of vegetation in the studied varieties, on average, was noted in the first decade of May. Raspberry blossom took place from 6 to 17 June. The ripening of raspberries began in the first decade of July. The fastest rates of raspberry development were noted in 2021 at an average daily air temperature of 18.8ºС, flowering took place on May 18, ripening on June 16, 15-24 days ahead of multi-year periods, the duration of flowering, ripening and interphase periods also decreased. The sum of effective temperatures for the onset of the "beginning of flowering" phenological phase was 524ºС; the onset of the phase "beginning of maturation" 1063ºС. It was revealed that raspberry varieties Novosti Kuzmina, Barnaulskaya, Chelyabinskaya krupnoplodnaya, Brigantina had the highest resistance to changes in environmental factors in the conditions of the republic.

МОНИТОРИНГ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ EUZOPHERA BIGELLA ZELL. В ЯБЛОНЕВЫХ АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ

The article provides data on the increase in the harmfulness of the two-striped fireworm ( Euzophera bigella Zell) in all countries cultivating fruit crops. During the growing season of 2023, research is being conducted on the study of bioecological features of the development of Euzophera bigella Zell., it is noted that in the conditions of the Prikubansky gardening zone of the Krasnodar region, the beginning of the summer of the phytophagus was recorded on May 10 at the sum of effective temperatures of 184.8 °C, the peak of the summer of the pest on June 5, the SET was 432.7 °C.

Возможное влияние летне-осенних сумм эффективных температур на динамику плотности популяции непарного шелкопряда Lymantria dispar (L.) в лесных насаждениях на северной границе ареала

Практически одновременно в 2016 г., вдоль северной границы ареала непарного шелкопряда Lymantria dispar (L.) на огромном пространстве более 1000 км в долготном направлении от Екатеринбурга (56,5° с.ш., 60,4° в.д.) до п. Кыштовка (Новосибирская область), 56,4°с.ш., 76,6°в.д. на сотнях тысяч гектар сформировались очаги непарного шелкопряда. Такая синхронность в возникновении очагов может указывать на воздействие единого модифицирующего фактора. Цель исследования - выявление общего модифицирующего фактора, который мог спровоцировать вспышку массового размножения непарного шелкопряда на основании анализа погодных условий в вегетационные сезоны, предшествующие формированию очагов и в период вспышки. На значительной территории, охватывающей зауральскую и западносибирскую популяции, в их северной части сценарии изменения погодных условий перед и в ходе реализации вспышки 2016-2018 гг. существенно различались по условиям влажности, но были схожи по теплообеспеченности. Два-три года теплообеспеченность была значительно ниже нормы, затем наступил сезон с теплообеспеченностью значительно выше нормы и резким возрастанием плотности популяции, приведшей к значительной дефолиации насаждений на следующий год при возвращении теплообеспеченности вегетационного сезона к норме. Это указывает на то, что на севере ареала вида модифицирующие факторы, провоцирующие вспышки массового размножения, отличаются от таковых в южных его частях. Возможно, вегетационные сезоны с низкой теплообеспеченностью приводят как к элиминации потомства особей популяции с большой длительностью развития до имагинальной стадии, так и к сокращению длительности развития личиночной стадии особей, получивших необходимую, но крайне небольшую сумму летне-осенних температур для завершения раннеэмбрионального развития и подготовки к зимовке. При наступлении вегетационного сезона с теплообеспеченностью значительно выше нормы снижается элиминация потомства особей с большей длительностью развития, что приводит к росту плотности популяции и значительной дефолиации на следующий год. Almost simultaneously in 2016, along the northern border of the range of spongy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) over a huge area of more than 1000 km in the longitude direction from Yekaterinburg (N 56.5 °, E 60.4°) to the village of Kyshtovka(Novosibirsk region), (N 56.4°, E 76.6°) the outbreaks of the spongy moth have formed on hundreds of thousands of hectares. Such synchronicity in the occurrence of outbreaks can indicate the impact of a single modifying factor. The purpose of the study is to identify a single modifying factor that could provoke an outbreak of the spongy moth, based on an analysis of weather conditions in the growing seasons preceding the formation of outbreaks and during their implementation. Over the large area covering the Trans-Ural and West Siberian populations, in their northern part, the scenarios of weather conditions changes before and during the implementation of the outbreak of 2016-2018 differed significantly in terms of humidity conditions but were similar in terms of heat availability. For two or three years, the heat availability was significantly lower than normal, then become the season with heat availability significantly higher than normal and a sharp increase in population density that provide the severe defoliation of stands for the next year when the heat availability of the growing season returns to normal. That indicates the differences in modifying factors provoking outbreaks at the north of the range of the spongy moth in comparison with southern parts of the range of this species. Possibly, growing seasons with low heat availability lead both to the elimination of the offspring of individuals in the population with a long duration of development till the imaginal stage, and to a reduction in the duration of development at the larval stage of individuals that have received the necessary, but an extremely small amount of summer-autumn temperatures to complete early embryonic development and preparation for wintering. With the onset of the growing season with a heat availability significantly higher than normal, the elimination of individuals with a longer duration of development decreases, which results in the population density increase and significant defoliation in the next year.

The influence of hydrothermal conditions of the Kirov region on the productivity and quality of grain of spring soft wheat varieties of different ripeness groups

Meteorological conditions were monitored for the period "May-August" in the Kirov region (Volga-Vyatka region) from 2008 to 2022. An increasing trend of the sum of precipitation and hydrothermal coefficient (НTC) values and a descending trend of the sum of effective temperatures was established. By the example of early-ripening (Iren, Bazhenka) and middleripening (Priokskaya, Simbirtsit, Margarita, Kamenka) varieties of spring wheat, the level and direction of variability of the main agronomic traits by changing the values of the НTC have been determined. In early-maturing varieties with an increase in the НTC of the growing season the content of protein and gluten in the grain significantly decreased, and the following increased: yield, duration of vegetation, plant height, ear density, mass of 1000 grains, density of the productive stem, the nature of the grain and the indicator of the gluten index. The elements of ear productivity were maximally expressed in the years optimal in terms of moisture. The reaction of medium-ripened varieties was similar according to the greater number of traits, except for the number of grains per ear, the weight of the grain per ear and the plant, the nature of the grain. By means of the correlation analysis, the influence of meteorological factors on the development of traits of spring wheat both for the entire growing season and for individual months has been studied. A high dependence of the duration of the growing season and the protein content in the grain on the sum of effective temperatures for May-August (r = 0.64...0.77) was revealed. The amount of precipitation made a significant contribution to the formation of traits only in critical phases of plant development. The analysis of regression equations obtained using 11 variables (weather factors by months) with a time sample size of 15 years showed that an increase in the amount of precipitation in June by 10 mm led to an increase in yield by an average of 0.13...0.14 t/ha, and a decrease in the average daily temperature of August by 1 °C provided an increase in yield by 0.23...0.26 t/ha. The duration of the growing season decreased in June by 2.2...2.4 days with 1 °C increase in the average temperature; in July – by 2.3...3.0 days; in August – by 1.3 days. The protein content in the grain most of all depended on the average daily temperature in June, with of 1 °C increase the amount of protein raised by 0.85...0.87 %.

Territorial transformations in agriculture of Chernihiv region in the context of climate change: the case of corn and sunflower

Introduction. Different crops and regions of Ukraine are characterized by unequal dependencies on climate change. This situation creates a demand for scientific research to analyse «climate-agricultural production» dependence at the regional level. Chernihiv region, whose territory is located in two environmental zones, is an ideal testing ground for assessing territorial transformations in agricultural production under the influence of climate change. The purpose of article. The purpose of the study was to identify territorial transformations in agricultural production of Chernihiv region that were formed under the influence of climate change during 2001-2020, using corn and sunflower as an example. Additionally, the impact of climate factors on the yield of the selected crops in the region was assessed. Research methods. The study was based on data on gross harvest and yields of the selected crops, corn and sunflower, in Chernihiv region during 2001-2020. Climate trends were represented by average air temperature and precipitation during the growing season for the same period. Spatial transformations of the region’s agricultural production were determined using the territorial concentration index. A number of calculations were carried out to assess the contribution of climatic factors to the dynamics of yields of the selected crops. They included the determination of 1) trend yields; 2) total and agrotechnical variance; 3) the share of the climatic factor in the total variance. Main findings. In 2001-2020, Chernihiv region observed a significant increase in heat supply, the length of the growing season, and the sum of effective temperatures. The climate trends of this period created suitable conditions for expanding of a number of heat-tolerant crops, including corn and sunflower, into the region. The study used them as selected crops to assess territorial transformations in agricultural production of this northern region of Ukraine. The analysis of statistical data showed that the sown area and gross harvest of corn and sunflower increased tenfold in Chernihiv region, and the local agroclimatic zones of their cultivation moved 125-150 km north. The main producers of corn and sunflower are still the forest-steppe areas of the region. At the same time, its Polissya part currently produces 25 to 30% of the gross harvest of these crops. Due to climate change in the region, the yield of the selected crops has increased significantly, exceeding the national average values by 37-43%. The «migration» of heat-tolerant crops to the region has considerably changed the specialization of agricultural production in this Polissya region. Based on the calculations, it was found that the contribution of the climatic factor to corn yields was maximum in 2001-2010 - 74%. The contribution of climatic trends to sunflower yield of the region was significantly lower - 53-56 % in different periods. Taking into account the results obtained, the study points out the need to develop effective measures for adapting agricultural production in Chernihiv region to climate change. Scientific novelty and practical value. The article describes for the first time the characteristics of territorial transformations in agricultural production of Chernihiv region in the context of climate change and assesses the contribution of the climatic factor to the dynamics of productivity of the selected crops in the region. The practical value of the study is the possibility of using its algorithm to conduct similar studies in other regions of Ukraine. The results of the study are important in the context of substantiating regional measures to adapt agricultural production to climate change.

Yield and quality of Panicum virgatum (Panicum virgatum L.) seed depending on varietal characteristics

The article presents the results of research on millet seeds the crop formation and the quality, depending on its varietal characteristics. It was experimentally proven that in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the passage of phenological phases of growth and development of millet depended both on varietal characteristics (groups of varietal maturity) and on the number of effective temperatures. The crop yield and quality depended on the phenological phases of growth and development, particularly the phases of flowering and seed formation and their conditions. On average, over three years, early and late ripening varieties had signifcantly lower seed yield compared to other variety samples. Early-ripening, mid-early and mid-late varieties had signifcantly higher seed yield. The lowest productivity was in the very early sample of Dakota – 88.3 kg/ha. The yield of very late varieties – Nezalezhnist, Kanlow and Lyadivske – made 89.7, 88.3 and 99.4 kg/ha, respectively. The study on factors affecting seed yield established that the influence of the factor "variety" was the largest and amounted to 61.1 %, and the factor of "growing conditions" affected the crop less – 11.9 %. Germination energy and seed germination, as well as its yield, depended on the maturity groups of the variety samples. Very early, early-ripening and medium-ripening varieties had the highest quality indicators, no signifcant difference was found depending on varietal characteristics. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators, and the lowest quality was the very late Kanlow variety. The study on factors affecting seed quality established that the influence of the "year conditions" factor on germination energy and germination was the greatest and was 37.6–48 %, and the "variety" factor was 33.8 and 30 %, respectively. It was found that the later is the variety is of the maturity group, the higher is the sum of effective temperatures it needs and, accordingly, the longer the onset of the phenological phases of growth and development of the crop, which affects the features of seed formation and ripening and, accordingly, its quality and yield. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators and the lowest ones were observed in the very late variety. Mid-late, late and very late varieties do not ripen biologically, which affects the seeds quality its germination is very low. Key words: variety samples, maturity groups, germination energy, germination, phenological phases of growth and development.

The effect of weather conditions on the seasonal rhythm of plant development of Amur cork tree (<i>Phellodendron amurense</i>rupr.) in the forest-steppe of the Ob region

Background. Amur cork tree is a valuable woody plant of great economic importance. Its bark, liber, leaves, and fruits are successfully used in medicine and cosmetology. This tree is very ornamental and serves as is a good honey plant. It can be a potential source of industrial cork. Due to its properties and relative unpretentiousness, Amur cork tree may be of interest for introduction. In this regard, the aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the influence of weather conditions on the seasonal rhythm of plant development for Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) under the conditions of the foreststeppe in the Ob region.Materials and methods. Thirty two Amur cork trees were used as the material for the study. These trees were successfully introduced in the forest-steppe of the Ob region. Phenological observations to evaluate the rhythm of seasonal growth were carried out according to the methodological recommendations of I. D. Yurkevich and coauthors. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to identify the dependence of the rhythm of seasonal growth on weather conditions.Results. The plants of Amur cork tree were found to be successfully adapted to the conditions of the arboretum of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding. It was shown that in the year with the highest sum of effective temperatures (2020), the duration of interphase periods was on average 2 days shorter than in other years. At the same time, in the coldest year (2018), the plants did not have time to complete their leaf fall before the snow cover appeared. The vegetation of Amur cork tree was observed to start in mid-May. The completion of the growing season varies greatly from year to year. Conclusion. It was established that the seasonal development of Amur cork tree in the forest-steppe of the Ob region corresponded to the features specific to the development of this species within its natural range.